TCR Advanced Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Failure Analysis Objectives
The first step in managing the actual failure analysis effort is to determine what you expect from the final outcome. During TCR's initial meetings with the client we develop a charter that clearly delineates the terminal objective of the analysis. This is further enhanced through the development of critical success factors that outlines whether the terminal objectives have been obtained. At TCR Advanced, we adopt a disciplined vertical problem solving methodology used to determine levels of root causes of specific failure events.

Failure Analysis Procedure
Cause of failure is determined using state-of-art analytical and mechanical testing procedures and often includes testing under simulated service conditions. A combination of analysis and physical testing defines the problem and helps in providing recommendations for the solution.

Cause of failure is determined using state-of-art analytical and mechanical testing procedures and often includes testing under simulated service conditions. A combination of analysis and physical testing defines the problem and helps in providing recommendations for the solution.In the course of the various steps listed below preliminary conclusions are often formulated. If the probable fundamental cause of the metallurgical failure becomes evident early in the examination, the rest of the investigation focuses on confirming the probable cause and eliminating other possibilities. The metallurgical failure analyst compiles the results of preliminary conclusions carefully considering all aspects of the failure including visual examination of a fracture surface, the inspection of a metallographic specimen, and the history of similar failures. The complete evaluation sequence is summarized as under:

• Collection of background data and selection of samples
• Preliminary examination of the failed part
• Complete metallurgical analysis of failed material
• A thorough examination of the failed part including Macroscopic and Microscopic examination and analysis (electron microscopy, if needed)

If necessary tests may also include Weld Examination, Case Depth, Decarburization Measurement, Coating/Plating Evaluation, Surface Evaluation and/or Grain Size Determination
Chemical analysis (bulk, local, surface corrosion products, deposits or coating and microprobe analysis)
Tests to simulate environmental and physical stress that may have played a role in the failure analysis of fracture mechanics.
Selection and testing of alternative products and/or procedures that will significantly improve performance On-site evaluation and consulting services and Formulation of conclusions and writing the report

In-situ metallography is performed for following areas :

• To find out in-service degradation of critical components of the process plants operating under high temperature /high pressure/ corrosive atmosphere.
• Damage assessment of fire affected equipment of the plants.
  Microstructural survey for critical components viz., Boilers, Pipelines, Reactors and Vessels for condition monitoring / health assessment.
• To develop a data bank of critical components for equipment of process plant by periodical monitoring for preventive maintenance and planning for inventory control.
• To provide suggestions on the welding of components of process plants.
• To check the quality of the microstructure of components for intended service before put in to use.

The Salient Features Involved are:

UNDERSTANDING THE ACTUAL DEGRADATION MECHANISM

• High cycle fatigue
• Low cycle fatigue
• Thermal fatigue
• Thermo mechanical fatigue
• Wear
• Thermal aging
• Creep
• Embitterment
• Corrosion

VISUAL EXAMINATION

• NDT involving In-situ Metallography, Ultrasonic Testing, Magnetic Particle Inspection, DP Test, Ferrite Measurement.

STRESS ANALYSIS

• Stress analysis is carried out to know the strength of the material.

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING :

• NDT inspection data provide good insite to the component integrity.
• LABORATORY TESTING : Laboratory testing of cut samples provide valuable information about the material soundness.
• JUDGMENT OF FITNESS OF THE EQUIPMENT : Based on available data, a judgement about the fitness of the equipment: If required, repairing of the equipment is suggested, for life extension.
• JUDGMENT OF REMAINING LIFE BASED ON ANALYSIS : Finally, the estimation for remaining life is carried out.

Often the physical properties are verified and tests like stress-rupture, that are not so common are conducted. Having ascertained the extent of degradation, judgment on the remaining life is made. In addition to this, periodic inspection procedures are formulated and followed to monitor the health of the equipment during the course of operation. RLA is done based on life limiting factors like corrosion, creep and microstructure degradation with respect to time. There are different approaches available to assess the remaining life based on thermal cycles, creep calculation and fatigues cycles. Based on these aspects, the remaining life is ascertained with integration of rate of degradation v/s available material properties.

FFS stands for Fitness for Service, assignments in India and abroad for chemical, petrochemical, fertilizer, power plants and their components is dealed by TCR Advanced. TCR's FFS methodology is primarily based on API 579, BS 7910 and is governed by the fundamental engineering concepts & calculations, actual characterization of flaw / degradation, along with fracture mechanics approach. It is a practical tool that assists the management to select the alternative action i.e. whether to run, repair or replace the equipment. The heuristic aspect of useful remaining life of the equipment at the time of inspection is also part of FFS study.

ASME, API, BS 5500 & other recognized design codes provide rules / guidelines for design and fabrication of new items of plant e.g. pressure vessels, piping & storage tanks. These codes do not address the fact that many of these items deteriorate during operation & that defects developed due to deterioration or from original fabrication, which are larger than allowed by the quality control levels found during in-service inspections.

The need for FFS arises when equipment undergoes some serious deviation in operating conditions exposing it to severe service conditions other than for which the equipment was originally designed. FFS assessment is a multi-disciplinary approach. The component under screening may contain flaws or other damages, or it might have been subjected to non-anticipated operating conditions.

The purpose of FFS assessment is not simply to continue the component in its service beyond its intended serviceable life, but to ensure utilization of full potential concerning considering its present status.

The typical outcome of a  Fitness for Service approach provides a go / no-go decision. This provides a rational make-shift arrangement to continue the production. Additionally, the fitness for service assessment of components can help setting up proper inspection schedules, modified maintenance procedures and more of on-line monitoring systems

TCR Engineering Services has partnership with PP SIMTECH (UK), to provide comprehensive Risk Based Inspection (RBI) as well as Fitness for Service (FFS) assessments.

The reliable and proven Risk based Inspection (RBI) technology process developed by PP SIMTECH (UK), with key guidance from API 580/581 and UK HSE, has been accepted globally as good engineering practice by leading international companies. PP SIMTECH has successfully implemented RBI and FFS at global majors including BP, Dow Chemicals, GPIC, ADNOC-Fertil, Norsk Hydro, BASF, INEOS.

Risk-based  approach to inspection provides immense benefits which includes an increase in plant availability, cost saving, minimum shutdown durations, change in inspection strategies and intervals and improved safety compliance. The RBI team study also improves the team working and communication between all the departments of the plant.

PP SIMTECH uses rbiAsyst™, a fully auditable & transparent software system to facilitate the RBI team study and successful implementation of RBI technology process at a plant site.

The RBI team study facilitated by TCR PP SIMTECH and rbiAsyst™ software provides plant management and operations team a reliable method to identify and resolve complex technical issues associated with static equipment such as reactors, furnaces, strippers, distillation columns, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, reformers, boilers, fired heaters along with its associated items such as interconnected piping and storage tanks.

Reliable assessment and calculation of risk profile of an item, based on its "active" and "potential" Damage Mechanism ensures that the resulting inspection interval for the item is reliably optimized in a safe and cost-effective manner.

The TCR PP SIMTECH team includes Mechanical Engineers, Metallurgists, Corrosion Engineers, NDT Experts, RBI Experts and Project Managers and provides services in areas like RBI (API 580/581), Fitness-For-Service (API 579), Material Damage Mechanisms Assessment, Metallurgical Investigation & Failure Analysis and In-service Inspection.

Our approach to risk-based inspection is based on a strong co-operation between the plant personnel and TCR PP SIMTECH experts.

TCR Advanced has the cutting edge equipment and expertise to improve upon the quality of finished components to meet the international standards & specifications and ensure their safe and reliable functioning.

It includes components such as machine tools, dies, press parts, gears, shafts, axles, engine parts, parts for pumps and compressors, automobile parts, etc. for end applications in engineering, chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries.

The goal here is to unfold the metallurgical status / properties of imported components, by destructive / nondestructive testing, to generate base-line standard for indigenization. Technical help is provided to decide manufacturing route and guidance is provided to derive quality checks on indigenously developed components by using the reverse engineering approach.

TCR Advanced—in view of its long standing experience in material selection, testing and failure investigation—is a single-window platform for jobs related to Indigenization & Import substitution.

TCR advanced conducts short-term courses and workshops. The vast experience of TCR in problem solving for broad spectrum of industries has helped TCR in gaining considerable data for failure mechanisms, industrial practices and industrial approach to problem solving.

TCR conducts workshops and short-term training programmes in following subject areas:

• Non destructive testing
• Failure investigation of boilers and related equipment
• Boiler inspection
• Advanced material testing
• Fundamentals of metallurgy
• Metallurgy for non-metallurgists

The courses and training programmes conducted at TCR provide intensive and in-depth knowledge of the subject. The faculty members are chosen such that the participants will get exposure to the theoretical aspects and field-work both

TCR faculties have several years of experience in the technical training programmes for industries for their middle and upper management staff as well as engineers and technicians. Our training style is highly effective, and our trainers are all professionals in the respective technical fields, most of them with several years of experience both in the classroom and industry.

We understand the changing and dynamic nature of this industry.

Unlike other training schools, TCR adopts and promotes the train-the-trainer approach. Should you like the trainer to stay and interact with your team post-training phase, we can assist in the same.

We can also provide training at your Company if there is sufficient number of participants. We can conduct a custom-designed training programmes to cater to the specific requirements of your industry.

The following specialized Metallography services are rendered by TCR:

Colour metallography:

• To determine percentage of bainite, martensite & ferrite in hardened & tempered steel
• Delta ferrite percentage in stainless steel weld
• To measure the ferrite & austenite percentage in duplex stainless steel using point count method
• Intermetallic phases like chi, laves, sigma etc. in duplex stainless steel
• Characterization of Cast irons to find out percentage of phases like pearlite, ferrite, graphite nodules, ledeburite, cementite, etc.
• Primary and secondary carbides percentage in High Carbon-High Chrome (HCHC) steel
• Retained austenite percentage in hardened & tempered steel
• Phase identification in copper, brass, aluminium, aluminium bronze alloys etc.
• Characterization of thermal spray coating using specialized technique as per ASTM E192
• Characterization of aged structure for rejuvenation purpose using heat-treatment for aged structure
• Characterization of 'gamma prime' phase in aged gas turbine components
• Characterization of carbides using Dr. Vogel's reagent for centrifugally cast heater/furnace tubes
• Characterization of vacuum hardening & sub-zero heat-treated steel for wear resistance properties
• Macrostructure using NACE TM0498 for finding carburization depth of furnace tubes

TCR Advanced has expertise in handling critical  welding solutions for the aged plant components. Nowadays the material resources are limited and cost of new components is increasing day by day. The repair weld solutions can salvage the critical components of process plant and can make huge saving in terms of production loss. The repair weld technology requires in-depth understanding of the metallurgical aspects vis-à-vis operating conditions. It requires a very clear understanding of physical metallurgy and welding technology.

When any plant or critical machinery component undergoes breakdown an immediate solution is sought after. Many a times the repair welding is done with little or no understanding about the consequences on account of metallurgical changes, which in turn proves to be disastrous and, as a result of this, at times the management loses the trust in the technical competency of concerned staff. This promotes hasty decisions of replacing the components at premium cost. Instead of this a systematic metallurgical investigation would help in assessing the extent and nature of degradation and evolving proper welding procedure. TCR Advanced has helped the industries by providing the Welding Solutions on critical pump casing, shaft, nitrided components, reformers, and so on.

Our technical consulting team can be approached with detailed history of problem. The team member can reach to your site within 24 hours and start collecting information and data on the components to be repaired. At times for successful repair a mock test is necessary from the same material preferably for the aged material of similar grade. In case, it is not available then virgin material of the similar grade is used. A mock test will establish the confidence in welder and welding parameters. After successful welding, through NDT testing is recommended to ensure the trouble-free weld joint for future service.

Fire Damage Assessment and Fire Risk Assessment Techniques used to assess the extent of damage due to fire. Materials of construction used in petrochemical plants are selected based on the extensive research and experience, vis-à-vis specific guidelines from different international standards. These standards and specifications deal with different manufacturing procedures, chemical composition and mechanical properties.

In view of the associated complications in interpretation of the microstructures, most of the standards remain silent on their acceptance norms and hence microstructure checking does not remain mandatory as a part of acceptance / rejection criteria during procurement. This is the main reason why most of the equipment do not have any base line data for microstructures before they are put in to the service.

It is an established fact that for metals and alloys their chemical composition along with heat treatment conditions has a strong correlation with microstructure. Accidental fires do leave evidences in the form of changes in the microstructures of the concerned plant and machinery. Based on this fact, it is possible to take a fairly accurate judgment on fire-affected and un-affected structures using the hardness data and the results of microstructure examination. This in turn is useful in taking the decision as regards the replacement / repair of the component / equipment to put back the plant into operation.

The purpose of Fire Damage Assessment under accidental fire exposure is to thus estimate :

• Extent of temperature exposure, to estimate the maximum temperature reached
• Assessment of changes in the microstructure as a result of fire
• To judge the changes in the mechanical properties with respect to change in microstructure
• To assess the extent of damage due to fire and to ensure the worthiness of the component / plant for further use

Heat Exchanger Tube  are devices used to transfer heat energy from one fluid to another. Typical heat exchangers experienced by us in our daily lives include condensers and evaporators used in air conditioning units and refrigerators.

Heat exchanger Tube are also used in chemical and process industries.

Boilers and condensers in thermal power plants are examples of large industrial heat exchangers.

Periodic inspection of heat exchanger tube is inevitable as it affects the heat transfer phenomenon leading to forced shut downs. Inspection of heat exchanger tubes for internal damage is no longer a lengthier, tiresome, time-consuming and expertise-involving procedure with advent of advanced NDT methods like ECT, RFET, MFL, APR, IRIS, Leak testing and videoscopy.

TCR has expertise in   heat exchanger tube inspection  using these techniques.

TCR Advanced has procured state of the art Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) attached with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) system. SEM is one of the most important diagnostic tools for

• Failure investigation
• Fractography
• Morphology and identification of localized defects
• Identifying corrosion products at microscopic levels
• Identifying surface coating or plating
• Particle size & shape analysis
• Characterizing creep in microstructure
• Identifying submicron size features in microstructure

TCR Advanced has SEMART SS-100 SEM of PEMTRON, Korea make which offers simple and very user-friendly operating console. The EDS Analyzer X-Max 20 attached to the SEM is a versatile X-Ray spectrometer system which does not require Liquid nitrogen for its operation. This greatly reduces the start-up time of EDS analyzer as compared to conventional system.

The large detector area of 20 mm2 gives better count rate at lower accelerating voltages and lower spot sizes resulting in improved accuracy and quantification of elements which is sometimes a limitation of the conventional.

The ability of TCR Advanced to provide material testing services and value addition to our customers is based on organizing multiple talents into a focused set of technological capabilities. TCR Advanced provides several testing services, but, no matter which discipline you choose, one thing is certain, when you send a sample to TCR Advanced, you can have confidence in the results, because you are working with a company that has a reputation of being meticulous.

Corrosion Studies and Corrosion Testing in a wide range is undertaken by TCR Advance as per ASTM, DIN, or as per the individual client's requirements. Experienced staff members are available to provide corrosion consulting, advise on corrosion prevention and corrosion control services including materials selection in laboratory or on-site inspection. TCR's staff has industry specific expertise to deal with a variety of corrosion problems that are encountered in industries such as oil and gas production, oil and gas transmission, energy conversion systems, and nuclear power systems. A wide variety of corrosion related tests are undertaken at TCR Advanced such as: to determine the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, pitting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, etc. The range of instruments available to perform these tests is unrivalled in our operating regions. Highly experienced and qualified engineers undertake corrosion studies. We also carry out the testing under witness of third party inspection agencies like LRS, TUV, DNV, ABS, BV and similar other inspection agencies.

TCR Advanced has added fully automated state of the art Salt spray testing facility in the year 2011. This test is very useful in analyzing the corrosion resistance properties of plating, coating, painted surfaces and materials that are to be used in corrosive environments

An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process plant or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expenditure and carbon footprints.

The term energy audit is commonly used to describe a broad spectrum of energy studies which can be bifurcated in to principally three types as under:

• Preliminary Energy Audit
  To establish energy consumption, Estimation of scope for energy saving, Prioritization of area of energy improvement, Identify immediate energy saving potential, Setting up of base line reference and identification of area of detailed study.
• Targeted Energy Audit Based on Preliminary Audit targeted Audit will be for detailed analysis to achieve targeted energy efficiency.
• Detailed Energy Audit - A comprehensive Audit Detailed study of energy consumption, Analysis of energy consumption, Recommendations for reduction of energy consumption with cost benefit calculations and project implementation recommendations. The Audit also will include monitoring the implementation of the recommendation and achievement of final goals in respect of energy reduction.

Advantages

• Large areas can be inspected
• Only accessibility from one side (external side) is required - no need to open the equipment or removal of catalyst required
• Depth of attack can be estimated

Limitations

• Expertise required in interpretation
• Very initial micro level degradation (decarburization) cannot be estimated

Restrictions in use of industrial radiography has increased in recent times due to health hazards, hence the need for alternative weld inspection methods and techniques such as Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) and Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing   (PAUT) have become indispensable. NDE has become more relevant in recent times due to its ability of sizing the flaws accurately. Along with sizing of flaw, characterization of flaw is also very important hence the need for combination of TOFD and phased array techniques have been evolved.

When PA and TOFD techniques are performed together judiciously, the quality of testing increases when compared with radiography, i.e. the integrity of weld joints inspected with TOFD or PA is higher than those inspected using radiography. At times the inspection cost for PA + TOFD combine seem to be higher than conventional radiography testing but since these advanced ultrasonic methods do not involve any radiation hazards and other jobs can be carried out in the vicinity of such testing, leading to a direct saving associated besides time saved in production/fabrication. Also the speed of PA + TOFD inspection in one scan shortens overall inspection time and eliminates the time-loss associated with RT.

Advantages of TOFD:

• Wide coverage area using a pair of transducers
• Accurate flaw sizing; amplitude-independent
• Sizing technique using time-of-flight information
• On-line volume inspection - very fast scanning
• Setup independent of weld configuration
• Sensitive to a variety of defects
• No sensitivity to defect orientation
• Amplitude-insensitive - acoustical coupling less critical

Limitations of TOFD:

• Cannot detect all defects
• Limited coverage results from two potential dead zones
• Dead zone near the surface as a result of the lateral wave
• Dead zone at the back wall resulting from the width of the back wall reflection

RVI is the inspection of objects or areas usually inaccessible to the eye without dismantling surrounding structures or machinery. It allows inspectors to discover hidden discontinuities before they may cause major problems, e.g. poor welding, surface defects, corrosion pits, general condition, degradation, blockages and foreign materials.

This is not a quantitative method and is used as a backup method for other tube testing methods.

TCR Advanced Engineering provides Videoscopy / Boroscopic inspection services. We have a state of the art Iris 5 DVR videoscope which has total probe length of 7.5 meters and 8 mm probe dia, which is suitable for carrying videoscopy in a component with opening as small as 10 mm. The IRIS DVR is equipped with four-way articulation to give 360 degree field view. It has a high resolution CCD camera for HD Video recording and interchangeable objective lenses for changing the degree of viewing and field of view. The videoscopy is useful in many fields such as aerospace, wind turbines, gas turbines, oil and gas Industries, chemical industries, power generation plants, quality control and internal weld inspection.

Eddy current is induced electrical currents that flow in a circular path. They get their name from "eddies" that are formed when a liquid or gas flows in a circular path around obstacles when conditions are right.

The induced current is circulated in close loop in the object. It sets the magnetic field opposite to the one producing it. The opposing field will depend on the disturbance in the eddy current.

Eddy Current Testing: Four frequency, eight channel eddy current system capable of inspecting any ferromagnetic (RFET) or non-ferromagnetic heat exchanger tube in service.

TCR advanced has the best equipment for performing ECT (RFET for magnetic materials) - Olympus MS5800 and ECT48.

(APR) is a breakthrough, non-invasive solution for today's hard-to-inspect tubes up to 4" inner diameter. It enables ultra-fast, accurate inspection of boilers, fin fans and other heat exchangers, regardless of tube shape or material.

APR technology is an advanced, yet easy-to-use tool that overcomes the limitations of many conventional inspection techniques. With its simple operation, there is far less dependency on operator expertise, providing reliable inspection of even the most challenging tube sizes and configurations.
Probe injects acoustic pulse down the tube. Reflected echoes are recorded and analysed. A set of patented algorithms identifies and reports exact location, type and size of inner diameter side defects.

APR Tube offers many advantages over other defect detection tools. Most inspection equipments require the tube system to be physically scanned by some form of probe (magnetic, electrical, ultrasound), which can prove difficult or impossible in many applications where the tubes are inaccessible, like underground, buried in an aircraft wing, in a heat exchanger, etc. Neither any hazardous radiation is emitted as in X-ray systems, nor there is problem of waste disposal to deal with, as in using fluorescent dyes.

TCR Advanced has indigenously developed an automated robotic crawler to aid ultrasonic inspection of reformer tubes. It provides a tabular and interactive digital output. The ARTiS can simultaneously collect the tube data such as ultrasonic dB level of attenuation, diameter of tube and bowing angle at every location. An interactive, graphical user interface is part of digital report along with conventional hardcopy print in tabular format.

ARTiS - Reformer Tube Inspection System Advantages are as follows:

• The method follows same technique of manual ultrasound coupling and hence it is industry wide proven for the intended inspection.
• A macro level view of overall tubes condition in the reformer is also reported, emphasizing troublesome areas / corner of furnace, if any.
• The outcome of inspection becomes more systematic and traceable with point- wise reading on each tube for ultrasound attenuation and creep strain.
• It avoids the need for scaffolding requirement and saves tube inspection time and helps achieving reduction in shutdown time of plant.
• Automation deploys limited water source for coupling and nearly eliminates need for overhead water drum arrangement which overcomes additional issues related to drum filling, vacuum water clogging, etc.

The requirement of leak testing is quantized by the maximum allowable leak rate. It can be of two types, 1) Pressure increase in a vacuum - reservoir or 2) Pressure decrease in pressure - tank.

The leak rate value is 1 mbar l/s, if in a vacuum-reservoir with a volume of one litre, the pressure rises in one second about one mbar or in a pressure-reservoir it drops about one mbar in one second.

Thermography is a method of inspecting electrical and mechanical equipment by obtaining heat dissipating pictures. This inspection method is based on the fact that most components in a system show an increase in temperature when malfunctioning. The increase in temperature in an electrical circuit could be due to lose connections or a worn bearing in the case of mechanical equipment. By observing the heat patterns in operational system components, faults can be located and their seriousness evaluated.The inspection tool used by Thermographer is the Thermal Imager. These are sophisticated devices which measure the natural emissions of infrared radiation from a heated object and produce a thermal picture. Modern Thermal Imagers are portable with easily operated controls. As physical contact with the system is not required, inspection can be made under fully operational conditions resulting in no loss of production or downtime.
Potential applications include:

• Inspection of panels / electrical equipment
• Inspection of mechanical / rotating equipment

It has been a long established fact that a minor mix-up in the material could result in a major mishap and huge financial losses for the user. In order to prevent this from happening, all quality conscious project managers are increasingly prescribing Positive Material Identification (PMI) at each stage of plant commissioning. Mix-up can be at the vendor's end, during storage at the user end or at the time of actual fabrication. Thus, if PMI exercise is done at all these levels, a 100% confidence can be built up as far as material mix-up is concerned.

In view of this requirement of Indian Industry, TCR Advanced provides PMI services with state of art Niton XL2-800 equipment.Niton XL2-800 will be able to analyse alloying elements like Mn, Cr, Ni, Nb, V, Ti, Cb, Mo, W, V. Please note, we would not be able to analyse elements like C, S, P, Si, N by this equipment.

TCR can also provide services for portable Spectro which would be in a position to analyse elements like C, S, P, Si using Arc Met 8000.TCR can analyze carbon wherever we can get a good 25 X 25 mm flat surface. Also note that 'Arc Met' cannot be used for smaller size pipes and fittings. Its best performance is for larger than 50 NB size. For optical emissions based PMI, we need 99.99% pure argon gas as well. It is important to note that for use of portable OES, surfaces need to be grinded and flattened to at least 25 X 25 mm size in order to generate a spark from the OES. If the samples do not permit them being flattened then analysis may not be possible with the portable OES. Due to the weight and the expensive nature of the OES machine, it is not possible to use this machine at high altitudes. The machine cannot be used on scaffolding unless proper platform arrangements are made.
Potential applications include:

• Inspection of panels / electrical equipment
• Inspection of mechanical / rotating equipment